This is the capacity necessary for remembering several words in a series.
A person with the problem has trouble remembering more than three unrelated words in a series.
Auditory acquisition of new words is impaired. The person has to hear the word associated with its meaning several times before he remembers it. The person has trouble recognizing and remembering that one word is a synonym for another. This significantly impairs the reading process.
The person has trouble following oral information due to the limited holding capacity of his memory.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Programs Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Monday, June 13, 2011
Thursday, June 9, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Symbol Recognition
This is the capacity to recognize and remember a word or symbol visually that has been seen before. The following problems occur when this capacity is weak.
The person has to study a word many more times than average before he can visually memorize the word and thus recognize it and say it correctly the next time he sees it. The person literally does not recognize the word "house" as the same word he has seen before. As a result learning to read and spell words is a slow process. A person with this problem has trouble visually recognizing his spelling errors.
The person's word recognition level (i.e., words he can see and say immediately) is low.
Reading speed is slow because the person has to rely on sounding out words that he should be able to recognize.
The person has great difficulty visually memorizing symbol patterns in mathematics (e.g., patterns in algebra) or in chemistry (e.g., chemical equations).
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
The person has to study a word many more times than average before he can visually memorize the word and thus recognize it and say it correctly the next time he sees it. The person literally does not recognize the word "house" as the same word he has seen before. As a result learning to read and spell words is a slow process. A person with this problem has trouble visually recognizing his spelling errors.
The person's word recognition level (i.e., words he can see and say immediately) is low.
Reading speed is slow because the person has to rely on sounding out words that he should be able to recognize.
The person has great difficulty visually memorizing symbol patterns in mathematics (e.g., patterns in algebra) or in chemistry (e.g., chemical equations).
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Wednesday, June 8, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Symbolic Thinking
The symbolic thinking capacity is responsible for developing and maintaining plans and strategies for action through the use of language. It is the capacity for mental initiative in symbolic tasks. Problems in this capacity are reflected in the following ways.
The student has great difficulty developing strategies for studying. If shown a study method he will follow this but he cannot develop his own study strategies. This applies to other situations as well; if shown a strategy the person may be able to implement it, but could not originate it.
The person has trouble keeping his attention focused on a language related task to completion. The person is easily distracted from a task and frequently labelled as having a short attention span. The person cannot maintain the focus of his attention in a school, job or social situation.
The person cannot work out an active plan to organize himself so his behaviour is disorganized. There is a central lack of self-directed organization.
The person is not self-correcting of his mistakes and is frequently unaware that he has made mistakes. The person has difficulty learning from his mistakes due to this lack of awareness. Along with this there is a general lack of worry or concern about his performance.
At a milder level of impairment the person can worry to some extent about something but does not pull in all the facts and keeps hammering away at one or two things until distracted again. After it has been pointed out, the person becomes aware of the foolishness of his behaviour, but can't work out strategies to prevent it from happening again.
The person cannot work out long term goals and plans for himself. He tends to respond to the immediate situation in a 'live for the moment' fashion. Other people may view him as untrustworthy or flighty because of the lack of stability in long range planning.
The person's choice of friends may be based on how 'fun' they are with no consideration of the long term consequences of the friendship.
If a person does not know the answer to a question immediately he will leave the question. There is no process of active probing or searching for the answer, no mental initiative. The person is mentally passive.
There is difficulty in seeing the main point or overall idea of a symbolic activity (e.g., a discussion, a story, a movie, a math question) and a tendency to get sidetracked by irrelevant details.
The person fails to take into account all the existing elements in a situation before acting and therefore behaviour is inappropriate to the specific situation; he cannot look before he leaps.
The person reduces a situation to a stereotype of an already known situation so there is a lack of differentiation between situations and a response that is appropriate in one situation is applied in another where it is not appropriate. For example, the person may think that a strategy developed by a character in a television program is an appropriate strategy to deal with a real life situation.
Reprinted with permission by: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
The student has great difficulty developing strategies for studying. If shown a study method he will follow this but he cannot develop his own study strategies. This applies to other situations as well; if shown a strategy the person may be able to implement it, but could not originate it.
The person has trouble keeping his attention focused on a language related task to completion. The person is easily distracted from a task and frequently labelled as having a short attention span. The person cannot maintain the focus of his attention in a school, job or social situation.
The person cannot work out an active plan to organize himself so his behaviour is disorganized. There is a central lack of self-directed organization.
The person is not self-correcting of his mistakes and is frequently unaware that he has made mistakes. The person has difficulty learning from his mistakes due to this lack of awareness. Along with this there is a general lack of worry or concern about his performance.
At a milder level of impairment the person can worry to some extent about something but does not pull in all the facts and keeps hammering away at one or two things until distracted again. After it has been pointed out, the person becomes aware of the foolishness of his behaviour, but can't work out strategies to prevent it from happening again.
The person cannot work out long term goals and plans for himself. He tends to respond to the immediate situation in a 'live for the moment' fashion. Other people may view him as untrustworthy or flighty because of the lack of stability in long range planning.
The person's choice of friends may be based on how 'fun' they are with no consideration of the long term consequences of the friendship.
If a person does not know the answer to a question immediately he will leave the question. There is no process of active probing or searching for the answer, no mental initiative. The person is mentally passive.
There is difficulty in seeing the main point or overall idea of a symbolic activity (e.g., a discussion, a story, a movie, a math question) and a tendency to get sidetracked by irrelevant details.
The person fails to take into account all the existing elements in a situation before acting and therefore behaviour is inappropriate to the specific situation; he cannot look before he leaps.
The person reduces a situation to a stereotype of an already known situation so there is a lack of differentiation between situations and a response that is appropriate in one situation is applied in another where it is not appropriate. For example, the person may think that a strategy developed by a character in a television program is an appropriate strategy to deal with a real life situation.
Reprinted with permission by: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Tuesday, June 7, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Auditory Speech Discrimination
This is the ability to discriminate between similar sounding speech sounds (e.g., fear - hear, doom - tomb). A problem in this area results in the following difficulties.
The person mishears words in a conversation, discussion, lecture, TV program or series of instructions and therefore misinterprets some of the information he hears. He also has to use active attention in order to discriminate some of the words he hears which can result in his becoming fatigued due to extra effort required to listen and this can lead to his tuning out of the conversation. It can also lead to serious misunderstandings if the person interprets what he hears as an insult.
While taking notes the person mishears some words and writes down the wrong words. When he tries to study from these notes he is unable to because the notes do not make sense.
There is difficulty discriminating foreign language speech sounds which makes learning a foreign language through hearing difficult.
A person with this problem has more trouble understanding someone who speaks with an accent. One girl with a severe auditory speech discrimination problem dropped out of grade 13 because she became embarrassed with having to ask the teacher to repeat himself so frequently.
A person with this problem tires in speech listening situations because he has to use extra attention and energy to interpret the words that he cannot clearly hear, even though his hearing for loudness and pitch is normal.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
The person mishears words in a conversation, discussion, lecture, TV program or series of instructions and therefore misinterprets some of the information he hears. He also has to use active attention in order to discriminate some of the words he hears which can result in his becoming fatigued due to extra effort required to listen and this can lead to his tuning out of the conversation. It can also lead to serious misunderstandings if the person interprets what he hears as an insult.
While taking notes the person mishears some words and writes down the wrong words. When he tries to study from these notes he is unable to because the notes do not make sense.
There is difficulty discriminating foreign language speech sounds which makes learning a foreign language through hearing difficult.
A person with this problem has more trouble understanding someone who speaks with an accent. One girl with a severe auditory speech discrimination problem dropped out of grade 13 because she became embarrassed with having to ask the teacher to repeat himself so frequently.
A person with this problem tires in speech listening situations because he has to use extra attention and energy to interpret the words that he cannot clearly hear, even though his hearing for loudness and pitch is normal.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Monday, June 6, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Broca's Speech Pronunciation
This is the ability to learn how to pronounce syllables and then to learn how to integrate the syllables into the stabilized and consistent pronunciation of a word. A weakness in this capacity leads to the following difficulties.
The person feels uncertain as to how a word is pronounced. The pronunciation of words does not achieve stability or consistency hence the person thinks of several ways to say the same word not being certain which is correct. The person mispronounces words or may avoid using words he knows and understands because of this uncertainty about pronunciation. This may restrict the spoken vocabulary to simpler words.
It is difficult to learn and enlist phonics skills in the reading process. The person's silent reading vocabulary is often several grades higher than his oral vocabulary because he recognizes the meanings of words that he can't pronounce.
The speech process requires more concentration than normal so the person has trouble thinking and talking at the same time. The person must concentrate on pronouncing the words and as a result can lose his train of thought. This results in shyness (quietness) in new situations involving talking with people, and a tendency to get drowned out by people who find it easier to speak.
There is great difficulty in public speaking unless working from prepared text.
The speech tends to be flat and monotonous with a lack of rhythm and musical intonation. There is a tendency to mumble.
This impairment also interferes with the ability to learn the spoken aspect of a foreign language.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
The person feels uncertain as to how a word is pronounced. The pronunciation of words does not achieve stability or consistency hence the person thinks of several ways to say the same word not being certain which is correct. The person mispronounces words or may avoid using words he knows and understands because of this uncertainty about pronunciation. This may restrict the spoken vocabulary to simpler words.
It is difficult to learn and enlist phonics skills in the reading process. The person's silent reading vocabulary is often several grades higher than his oral vocabulary because he recognizes the meanings of words that he can't pronounce.
The speech process requires more concentration than normal so the person has trouble thinking and talking at the same time. The person must concentrate on pronouncing the words and as a result can lose his train of thought. This results in shyness (quietness) in new situations involving talking with people, and a tendency to get drowned out by people who find it easier to speak.
There is great difficulty in public speaking unless working from prepared text.
The speech tends to be flat and monotonous with a lack of rhythm and musical intonation. There is a tendency to mumble.
This impairment also interferes with the ability to learn the spoken aspect of a foreign language.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Friday, June 3, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Predicative Speech
This is the capacity for the sense of how symbols (words and numbers) interconnect sequentially into fluent sentences and procedures. This occurs in thinking, speech and writing. Following are examples of problems caused by weaker functioning in this capacity.
The ability to rehearse and recode information and actions through speech inside one's head (internal speech) is impaired. In any learning situation this impairs the person from being able to actively recode information through internal speech in order to retain the information solidly in memory. Thus the information that can be memorized immediately, breaks down over time with a significant loss in long term retention due to an inability to recode the information. In other words, the person may show an inability to recapitulate or 'put things in his own words'.
The person tends to have stereotypic speech (e.g., a store of memorized or cliched phrases) because he has trouble elaborating or extending speech. The person tends to speak in short sentences. Written expression is similar. The person does not have a sense of the appropriateness of where words go positionally in a sentence. The sentences used often are incomplete and do not make sense even when complete, e.g., "I would ask a loan fro the bank."
There is difficulty in following long sentences.
The person lacks tact in what he says and may appear to be rude because there is a failure of active internal mental rehearsal of what he is going to say and what the consequences of this would be. An example: a girl receives a cassette of a rock group for a birthday present and hands the tape back to the giver saying, "I don't like this group."
Procedures in mathematics can be learned with some extra effort but there is a breakdown of the steps of the procedure over a relatively short time. A common example is that the steps in a long division question fall apart.
The person does not work out inside his head using internal speech the significance and consequences of doing something before acting so behaviour can appear impulsive or ill considered.
The person has very limited ability to say things to himself inside his head to control his behaviour. He cannot go through a process of active internal rehearsal of what he should do in various situations. He may feel 'parachuted' into an experience and not be able to develop an effective response to his environment.
The "ASK BEFORE YOU DO" syndrome: Parents report that their child tries to be helpful and goes ahead and does something without asking before he does it. The person is not capable of thinking out the possible consequences of the action beforehand. For example the child washes his father's car which has just been waxed or the child trims the tree in the front yard almost cutting it down.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
The ability to rehearse and recode information and actions through speech inside one's head (internal speech) is impaired. In any learning situation this impairs the person from being able to actively recode information through internal speech in order to retain the information solidly in memory. Thus the information that can be memorized immediately, breaks down over time with a significant loss in long term retention due to an inability to recode the information. In other words, the person may show an inability to recapitulate or 'put things in his own words'.
The person tends to have stereotypic speech (e.g., a store of memorized or cliched phrases) because he has trouble elaborating or extending speech. The person tends to speak in short sentences. Written expression is similar. The person does not have a sense of the appropriateness of where words go positionally in a sentence. The sentences used often are incomplete and do not make sense even when complete, e.g., "I would ask a loan fro the bank."
There is difficulty in following long sentences.
The person lacks tact in what he says and may appear to be rude because there is a failure of active internal mental rehearsal of what he is going to say and what the consequences of this would be. An example: a girl receives a cassette of a rock group for a birthday present and hands the tape back to the giver saying, "I don't like this group."
Procedures in mathematics can be learned with some extra effort but there is a breakdown of the steps of the procedure over a relatively short time. A common example is that the steps in a long division question fall apart.
The person does not work out inside his head using internal speech the significance and consequences of doing something before acting so behaviour can appear impulsive or ill considered.
The person has very limited ability to say things to himself inside his head to control his behaviour. He cannot go through a process of active internal rehearsal of what he should do in various situations. He may feel 'parachuted' into an experience and not be able to develop an effective response to his environment.
The "ASK BEFORE YOU DO" syndrome: Parents report that their child tries to be helpful and goes ahead and does something without asking before he does it. The person is not capable of thinking out the possible consequences of the action beforehand. For example the child washes his father's car which has just been waxed or the child trims the tree in the front yard almost cutting it down.
Reprinted with permission from: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
Wednesday, June 1, 2011
Description of 19 Learning Dysfunctions - Memory for Information or Instruction
This is the capacity for remembering chunks of information such as instructions. A weakness in this capacity results in the following symptoms.
There is difficulty remembering verbal information or instructions. The person has trouble remembering and therefore following lectures or extended conversations or instructions. Instructions often have to be repeated several times before the person is certain of what he is supposed to do, and this certainty doesn't last. The person is often aware that he has forgotten and is too embarrassed to ask again, after having had it explained so many times, and may decide to 'muddle through'.
One example is not being able to follow a radio program because the person could not remember enough of the information as she was listening. When she improved on this capacity she was able to follow the radio to the point that she even won a radio contest. This can also happen when watching TV or a movie - the person can't remember parts of the newscast or movie.
People with very poor memory for instructions/information tend to smile a great deal and not participate in any conversation or discussion because they can't remember enough of the information to follow. They also tend to tune out in lectures, conversations and job situations because they get tired due to the extra effort required to retain the information.
Parents often think their child is stubborn, irresponsible or lazy because they ask him to do something and it doesn't get done because the child forgets. If the child is told to do something and then gets distracted, for example by answering the telephone, the instruction will be totally forgotten, to the point where he may insist that the request was never made.
The child may get home after school and forget what the teacher asked him to do for homework.
When a person with this dysfunction studies there is a gradual degradation of the information he is trying to memorize. The person may memorize information for history, finding it hard initially, and he may have to go over it 10 times, but he feels that he knows a fair amount of the information by the end of studying. An hour later he's got 3/4 of it, a couple of hours later he's got about 1/2 and by the time he writes the exam he is in trouble.
One boy with a severe memory for instruction/information problem did not realize songs had stories in the lyrics because he could never remember the lyrics. This came as a revelation to him when he improved on this capacity.
One man who flies an airplane has trouble remembering the information from the tower (fortunately it is repeated several times) and reported some near misses due to this problem. This same man would be sent out to the grocery store with a verbal list of 4 or more items and would invariably forget several items.
People with this problem tend to compensate by taking notes in order to help them remember information or by developing rigid habits without which their lives fall apart.
Reprinted with permission: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
There is difficulty remembering verbal information or instructions. The person has trouble remembering and therefore following lectures or extended conversations or instructions. Instructions often have to be repeated several times before the person is certain of what he is supposed to do, and this certainty doesn't last. The person is often aware that he has forgotten and is too embarrassed to ask again, after having had it explained so many times, and may decide to 'muddle through'.
One example is not being able to follow a radio program because the person could not remember enough of the information as she was listening. When she improved on this capacity she was able to follow the radio to the point that she even won a radio contest. This can also happen when watching TV or a movie - the person can't remember parts of the newscast or movie.
People with very poor memory for instructions/information tend to smile a great deal and not participate in any conversation or discussion because they can't remember enough of the information to follow. They also tend to tune out in lectures, conversations and job situations because they get tired due to the extra effort required to retain the information.
Parents often think their child is stubborn, irresponsible or lazy because they ask him to do something and it doesn't get done because the child forgets. If the child is told to do something and then gets distracted, for example by answering the telephone, the instruction will be totally forgotten, to the point where he may insist that the request was never made.
The child may get home after school and forget what the teacher asked him to do for homework.
When a person with this dysfunction studies there is a gradual degradation of the information he is trying to memorize. The person may memorize information for history, finding it hard initially, and he may have to go over it 10 times, but he feels that he knows a fair amount of the information by the end of studying. An hour later he's got 3/4 of it, a couple of hours later he's got about 1/2 and by the time he writes the exam he is in trouble.
One boy with a severe memory for instruction/information problem did not realize songs had stories in the lyrics because he could never remember the lyrics. This came as a revelation to him when he improved on this capacity.
One man who flies an airplane has trouble remembering the information from the tower (fortunately it is repeated several times) and reported some near misses due to this problem. This same man would be sent out to the grocery store with a verbal list of 4 or more items and would invariably forget several items.
People with this problem tend to compensate by taking notes in order to help them remember information or by developing rigid habits without which their lives fall apart.
Reprinted with permission: www.arrowsmithschool.org
'Arrowsmith Program's Description of Learning Dysfunctions'
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